Examples

1. Users and groups
   1. Using password authentication
   2. SSH keys from local files
2. Storage and files
   1. Files
   2. Directory trees
   3. Filesystems and partitions
   4. Swap areas
   5. LUKS encrypted storage
   6. Mirrored boot disk
3. systemd units
4. GRUB password

Here you can find a bunch of simple examples for using Butane, with some explanations about what they do. The examples here are in no way comprehensive, for a full list of all the options present in Butane check out the configuration specification.

Users and groups

This example modifies the existing core user and sets its SSH key by providing it inline.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
passwd:
  users:
    - name: core
      ssh_authorized_keys:
        - key1

This example creates one user, user1 and sets up one SSH public key for the user. The user is also given the home directory /home/user1, but it’s not created, the user is added to the wheel and plugdev groups, and the user’s shell is set to /bin/bash.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
passwd:
  users:
    - name: user1
      ssh_authorized_keys:
        - key1
      home_dir: /home/user1
      no_create_home: true
      groups:
        - wheel
        - plugdev
      shell: /bin/bash

Using password authentication

You can use a Butane config to set a password for a local user. Building on the previous example, we can configure the password_hash for one or more users:

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
passwd:
  users:
    - name: user1
      ssh_authorized_keys:
        - key1
      password_hash: $y$j9T$aUmgEDoFIDPhGxEe2FUjc/$C5A...
      home_dir: /home/user1
      no_create_home: true
      groups:
        - wheel
        - plugdev
      shell: /bin/bash

To generate a secure password hash, use mkpasswd from the whois package. Your Linux distro may ship a different mkpasswd implementation; you can ensure you’re using the correct one by running it from a container:

$ podman run -ti --rm quay.io/coreos/mkpasswd --method=yescrypt
Password:
$y$j9T$A0Y3wwVOKP69S.1K/zYGN.$S596l11UGH3XjN...

The yescrypt hashing method is recommended for new passwords. For more details on hashing methods, see man 5 crypt.

For more information, see the Fedora CoreOS documentation on Authentication.

SSH keys from local files

As shown in the previous examples you can inline multiple SSH public keys per user directly in the Butane config. Additionally, you can embed keys from local files at transpile time. This example creates a core user and configures its SSH keys from local files. The file paths are relative to the directory specified with the --files-dir command-line option, which must be provided.

variant: fcos
version: 1.5.0
passwd:
  users:
    - name: core
      ssh_authorized_keys_local:
        - id_rsa.pub
        - id_ed25519.pub

Different combinations for providing SSH keys are possible. You can provide inline ones together with file references and the files may also contain multiple keys (one per line). However, keep in mind that overall the keys must be unique. Check the configuration specification for details.

Storage and files

Files

This example creates a file at /opt/file with the contents Hello, world!, permissions 0644 (so readable and writable by the owner, and only readable by everyone else), and the file is owned by user uid 500 and gid 501.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
storage:
  files:
    - path: /opt/file
      contents:
        inline: Hello, world!
      mode: 0644
      user:
        id: 500
      group:
        id: 501

This example fetches a gzip-compressed file from http://example.com/file2, makes sure that the uncompressed contents match the provided sha512 hash, and writes it to /opt/file2.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
storage:
  files:
    - path: /opt/file2
      contents:
        source: http://example.com/file2
        compression: gzip
        verification:
          hash: sha512-4ee6a9d20cc0e6c7ee187daffa6822bdef7f4cebe109eff44b235f97e45dc3d7a5bb932efc841192e46618f48a6f4f5bc0d15fd74b1038abf46bf4b4fd409f2e
      mode: 0644

This example creates a file at /opt/file3 whose contents are read from a local file local-file3 on the system running Butane. The path of the local file is relative to a files-dir which must be specified via the -d/--files-dir option to Butane.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
storage:
  files:
    - path: /opt/file3
      contents:
        local: local-file3
      mode: 0644

Directory trees

Consider a directory tree at ~/conf/tree on the system running Butane:

file
overridden-file
directory/file
directory/symlink -> ../file

This example copies that directory tree to /etc/files on the target system. The ownership and mode for overridden-file are explicitly set by the config. All other filesystem objects are owned by root:root, directory modes are set to 0755, and file modes are set to 0755 if the source file is executable or 0644 otherwise. The example must be transpiled with --files-dir ~/conf.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
storage:
  trees:
    - local: tree
      path: /etc/files
  files:
    - path: /etc/files/overridden-file
      mode: 0600
      user:
        id: 500
      group:
        id: 501

Filesystems and partitions

This example creates a single partition spanning all of the sdb device then creates a btrfs filesystem on it to use as /var. Finally, it creates the mount unit for systemd so it gets mounted on boot.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
storage:
  disks:
    - device: /dev/sdb
      wipe_table: true
      partitions:
        - number: 1
          label: var
  filesystems:
    - path: /var
      device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var
      format: btrfs
      wipe_filesystem: true
      label: var
      with_mount_unit: true

Swap areas

This example creates a swap partition spanning all of the sdb device, creates a swap area on it, and creates a systemd swap unit so the swap area is enabled on boot.

variant: fcos
version: 1.4.0
storage:
  disks:
    - device: /dev/sdb
      wipe_table: true
      partitions:
        - number: 1
          label: swap
  filesystems:
    - device: /dev/disk/by-partlabel/swap
      format: swap
      wipe_filesystem: true
      with_mount_unit: true

LUKS encrypted storage

This example creates three LUKS2 encrypted storage volumes: one unlocked with a static key file, one with a TPM2 device via Clevis, and one with a network Tang server via Clevis. Volumes can be unlocked with any combination of these methods, or with a custom Clevis PIN and CFG. If a key file is not specified for a device, an ephemeral one will be created.

variant: fcos
version: 1.2.0
storage:
  luks:
    - name: static-key-example
      device: /dev/sdb
      key_file:
        inline: REPLACE-THIS-WITH-YOUR-KEY-MATERIAL
    - name: tpm-example
      device: /dev/sdc
      clevis:
        tpm2: true
    - name: tang-example
      device: /dev/sdd
      clevis:
        tang:
          - url: https://tang.example.com
            thumbprint: REPLACE-THIS-WITH-YOUR-TANG-THUMBPRINT
  filesystems:
    - path: /var/lib/static_key_example
      device: /dev/disk/by-id/dm-name-static-key-example
      format: ext4
      label: STATIC-EXAMPLE
      with_mount_unit: true
    - path: /var/lib/tpm_example
      device: /dev/disk/by-id/dm-name-tpm-example
      format: ext4
      label: TPM-EXAMPLE
      with_mount_unit: true
    - path: /var/lib/tang_example
      device: /dev/disk/by-id/dm-name-tang-example
      format: ext4
      label: TANG-EXAMPLE
      with_mount_unit: true

This example uses the shortcut boot_device syntax to configure an encrypted root filesystem unlocked with a combination of a TPM2 device and a network Tang server.

variant: fcos
version: 1.3.0
boot_device:
  luks:
    tpm2: true
    tang:
      - url: https://tang.example.com
        thumbprint: REPLACE-THIS-WITH-YOUR-TANG-THUMBPRINT

This example combines boot_device with a manually-specified filesystem format to create an encrypted root filesystem formatted with ext4 instead of the default xfs.

variant: fcos
version: 1.3.0
boot_device:
  luks:
    tpm2: true
storage:
  filesystems:
    - device: /dev/mapper/root
      format: ext4

This example uses the shortcut boot_device syntax to configure an encrypted root filesystem in s390x on the dasda DASD device unlocked with a network Tang server.

variant: fcos
version: 1.6.0-experimental
boot_device:
  layout: s390x-eckd
  luks:
    device: /dev/dasda
    tang:
      - url: https://tang.example.com
        thumbprint: REPLACE-THIS-WITH-YOUR-TANG-THUMBPRINT

This example uses the shortcut boot_device syntax to configure an encrypted root filesystem in s390x on the sdb zFCP device unlocked with a network Tang server.

variant: fcos
version: 1.6.0-experimental
boot_device:
  layout: s390x-zfcp
  luks:
    device: /dev/sdb
    tang:
      - url: https://tang.example.com
        thumbprint: REPLACE-THIS-WITH-YOUR-TANG-THUMBPRINT

This example uses the shortcut boot_device syntax to configure an encrypted root filesystem in s390x KVM unlocked with a network Tang server.

variant: fcos
version: 1.6.0-experimental
boot_device:
  layout: s390x-virt
  luks:
    tang:
      - url: https://tang.example.com
        thumbprint: REPLACE-THIS-WITH-YOUR-TANG-THUMBPRINT

Mirrored boot disk

This example replicates all default partitions on the boot disk across multiple disks, allowing the system to survive disk failure.

variant: fcos
version: 1.3.0
boot_device:
  mirror:
    devices:
      - /dev/sda
      - /dev/sdb

This example configures a mirrored boot disk with a TPM2-encrypted root filesystem, overrides the size of the root partition replicas, and adds a mirrored /var partition which consumes the remainder of the disks.

variant: fcos
version: 1.3.0
boot_device:
  luks:
    tpm2: true
  mirror:
    devices:
      - /dev/sda
      - /dev/sdb
storage:
  disks:
    - device: /dev/sda
      partitions:
        - label: root-1
          size_mib: 8192
        - label: var-1
    - device: /dev/sdb
      partitions:
        - label: root-2
          size_mib: 8192
        - label: var-2
  raid:
    - name: md-var
      level: raid1
      devices:
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var-1
        - /dev/disk/by-partlabel/var-2
  filesystems:
    - device: /dev/md/md-var
      path: /var
      format: xfs
      wipe_filesystem: true
      with_mount_unit: true

systemd units

This example adds a drop-in for the serial-getty@ttyS0 unit, turning on autologin on ttyS0 by overriding the ExecStart= defined in the default unit. More information on systemd dropins can be found in the systemd docs.

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
systemd:
  units:
    - name: serial-getty@ttyS0.service
      dropins:
        - name: autologin.conf
          contents: |
            [Service]
            TTYVTDisallocate=no
            ExecStart=
            ExecStart=-/usr/sbin/agetty --autologin core --noclear %I $TERM

This example creates a new systemd unit called hello.service, enables it so it will run on boot, and defines the contents to simply echo "Hello, World!".

variant: fcos
version: 1.1.0
systemd:
  units:
    - name: hello.service
      enabled: true
      contents: |
        [Unit]
        Description=A hello world unit!
        [Service]
        Type=oneshot
        RemainAfterExit=yes
        ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo "Hello, World!"
        [Install]
        WantedBy=multi-user.target

This example specifies a systemd unit (example.service) and a dropin (proxy.conf) to be read from local files at transpile time. The file paths are relative to the directory specified with the --files-dir command-line option, which must be provided.

variant: fcos
version: 1.5.0
systemd:
  units:
    - name: example.service
      contents_local: example.service
    - name: rpm-ostreed.service
      dropins:
          - name: proxy.conf
            contents_local: example.conf

GRUB password

This example adds a superuser to GRUB and sets a password. Users without the given username and password will not be able to access GRUB command line, modify kernel command-line arguments, or boot non-default OSTree deployments. Password hashes can be generated with grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2.

variant: fcos
version: 1.5.0
grub:
  users:
    - name: root
      password_hash: grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.874A958E5264...